沼氣提純?nèi)鞒探颐?，脫硫脫碳是關鍵，甲烷純度可達95%以上

　　The whole process of biogas purification is revealed, and desulfurization and decarbonization are key. The purity of methane can reach over 95%

　　沼氣作為畜禽養(yǎng)殖、餐廚垃圾處理等領域的清潔可再生能源，其主要成分是甲烷和二氧化碳，還夾雜少量硫化氫、水蒸氣及微量雜質(zhì)，是實現(xiàn)有機廢棄物“變廢為寶”的核心載體。但未經(jīng)提純的沼氣無法實現(xiàn)商業(yè)化應用——硫化氫具有強腐蝕性，會嚴重損壞管道、發(fā)電機組等核心設備，縮短設備使用壽命；二氧化碳則會大幅降低沼氣熱值，影響后續(xù)利用效率。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，粗沼氣中二氧化碳含量可達30%-50%，硫化氫濃度最高可達8000ppm，因此，脫硫脫碳成為沼氣提純、實現(xiàn)高值化利用的核心環(huán)節(jié)，直接決定沼氣的應用價值與安全穩(wěn)定性。

　　Biogas, as a clean and renewable energy source in fields such as animal husbandry and kitchen waste treatment, mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide, as well as small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water vapor, and trace impurities. It is the core carrier for turning organic waste into treasure. But unpurified biogas cannot be commercially applied - hydrogen sulfide has strong corrosiveness and can seriously damage core equipment such as pipelines and generator sets, shortening the service life of equipment; Carbon dioxide will significantly reduce the calorific value of biogas, affecting its subsequent utilization efficiency. Data shows that the carbon dioxide content in crude biogas can reach 30% -50%, and the highest concentration of hydrogen sulfide can reach 8000ppm. Therefore, desulfurization and decarbonization have become the core links for biogas purification and high-value utilization, directly determining the application value and safety stability of biogas.

　　沼氣提純是一套系統(tǒng)化的精密工程，需經(jīng)過預處理、脫硫、脫碳、深度干燥等多道工序，每一步都不可或缺。提純流程從預處理開始，沼氣從發(fā)酵罐或氣柜引出后，首先進入旋風分離器或布袋過濾器，精準去除其中的懸浮粉塵、污泥顆粒等固體雜質(zhì)，避免后續(xù)設備管路堵塞，為后續(xù)提純工序筑牢基礎。經(jīng)過固液分離的沼氣，會進入冷凝器或脫水器，通過降溫冷卻使水蒸氣冷凝成液態(tài)水經(jīng)排水閥排出，同時將沼氣的溫度和壓力調(diào)節(jié)至穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，隨后送入緩沖罐，保障后續(xù)提純單元穩(wěn)定運行。

　　Biogas purification is a systematic and precise engineering process that requires multiple steps such as pretreatment, desulfurization, decarbonization, and deep drying, each of which is indispensable. The purification process starts from pre-treatment. After biogas is extracted from the fermentation tank or gas holder, it first enters the cyclone separator or bag filter to accurately remove solid impurities such as suspended dust and sludge particles, avoiding blockages in subsequent equipment pipelines and laying a solid foundation for subsequent purification processes. After solid-liquid separation, the biogas will enter the condenser or dehydrator, where the water vapor is condensed into liquid water through cooling and discharged through the drainage valve. At the same time, the temperature and pressure of the biogas are adjusted to a stable state, and then sent to the buffer tank to ensure the stable operation of the subsequent purification unit.

　　脫硫是沼氣提純的第一道核心工序，核心目標是去除沼氣中的硫化氫，規(guī)避設備腐蝕風險。提純過程中，通常采用碳酸鈉溶液、氨水等堿性溶液作為吸收液，沼氣進入吸收塔后，與塔頂噴淋的堿性吸收液逆流接觸，硫化氫與吸收液發(fā)生化學反應，轉(zhuǎn)化為硫化物溶液，實現(xiàn)氣液分離。脫硫后的沼氣從塔頂排出，進入脫碳單元；而富硫吸收液會被泵入再生塔，通入空氣氧化后，硫化物轉(zhuǎn)化為單質(zhì)硫析出，再生后的吸收液可返回吸收塔循環(huán)使用，析出的硫磺經(jīng)分離干燥后可回收利用，實現(xiàn)資源循環(huán)。優(yōu)質(zhì)脫硫工藝可使硫化氫去除率達99%以上，出口硫化氫濃度可控制在200mg/m?以下。

　　Desulfurization is the first core process of biogas purification, with the core goal of removing hydrogen sulfide from biogas and avoiding equipment corrosion risks. In the purification process, alkaline solutions such as sodium carbonate solution and ammonia water are usually used as absorption liquids. After entering the absorption tower, biogas comes into contact with the alkaline absorption liquid sprayed on the top of the tower in reverse flow. Hydrogen sulfide reacts chemically with the absorption liquid and is converted into sulfide solution, achieving gas-liquid separation. The desulfurized biogas is discharged from the top of the tower and enters the decarbonization unit; The sulfur rich absorption solution will be pumped into the regeneration tower, and after being oxidized by air, sulfides will be converted into elemental sulfur and precipitated. The regenerated absorption solution can be returned to the absorption tower for recycling, and the precipitated sulfur can be separated and dried for recycling, achieving resource recycling. High quality desulfurization technology can achieve a hydrogen sulfide removal rate of over 99%, and the outlet hydrogen sulfide concentration can be controlled at 200mg/m? following.

　　脫碳是提升沼氣熱值、實現(xiàn)商業(yè)化應用的關鍵，核心目標是將沼氣中二氧化碳含量從30%-50%降至4%以下，將甲烷濃度提升至93%以上，部分先進工藝可使甲烷純度達95%以上，CH?損失率低于0.5%。脫硫后的沼氣經(jīng)加壓處理后，進入PSA吸附塔，塔內(nèi)吸附劑會精準吸附二氧化碳，高純度甲烷從塔頂排出；當吸附劑達到飽和狀態(tài)，通過降低塔內(nèi)壓力，使二氧化碳從吸附劑中脫附，經(jīng)真空泵抽出后，可用于溫室種植、食品加工等領域，實現(xiàn)資源化利用。多塔并聯(lián)運行，交替進行吸附、均壓、解析、沖壓等步驟，可保障連續(xù)穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)氣。

　　Decarbonization is the key to improving the calorific value of biogas and achieving commercial applications. The core goal is to reduce the carbon dioxide content in biogas from 30% -50% to below 4%, and increase the methane concentration to over 93%. Some advanced processes can achieve methane purity of over 95% and CH? Loss rate of less than 0.5%. After desulfurization, the biogas is pressurized and enters the PSA adsorption tower. The adsorbent inside the tower accurately adsorbs carbon dioxide, and high-purity methane is discharged from the top of the tower; When the adsorbent reaches saturation, carbon dioxide is desorbed from the adsorbent by reducing the pressure inside the tower. After being pumped out by a vacuum pump, it can be used in fields such as greenhouse cultivation and food processing, achieving resource utilization. Multi tower parallel operation, alternating adsorption, pressure equalization, analysis, stamping and other steps, can ensure continuous and stable gas production.

　　脫碳完成后，沼氣需進入分子篩干燥器，去除殘留的微量水蒸氣，防止低溫下結(jié)冰或生成水合物堵塞管道。若用于車用天然氣等對純度要求極高的場景，還需增設精脫硫塔，將硫化氫濃度降至1ppm以下，完全滿足車用燃氣標準。經(jīng)全套流程提純后的生物天然氣，經(jīng)壓縮機加壓至20兆帕，可儲存于儲氣瓶組、輸送至天然氣管網(wǎng)，也可進一步液化，便于長距離運輸。

　　After decarbonization is completed, the biogas needs to enter a molecular sieve dryer to remove residual trace amounts of water vapor and prevent freezing or hydrate formation at low temperatures from blocking the pipeline. If used in scenarios that require extremely high purity, such as natural gas for vehicles, a refined desulfurization tower needs to be added to reduce the concentration of hydrogen sulfide to below 1ppm, fully meeting the standards for automotive gas. After being purified through a complete process, the bio natural gas is pressurized to 20 megapascals by a compressor and can be stored in gas storage tanks, transported to natural gas pipelines, or further liquefied for long-distance transportation.

　　值得注意的是，沼氣提純系統(tǒng)需配備防爆裝置和硫化氫檢測報警器，定期巡檢排查，嚴防氣體泄漏和爆炸風險。當前，我國生物天然氣發(fā)展步入快車道，2023年產(chǎn)量僅5億立方米，而2060年技術潛力超1800億立方米，市場增長空間巨大。沼氣提純不僅實現(xiàn)了有機廢棄物的資源化利用，更能助力“雙碳”目標落地，推動清潔能源產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，成為連接廢棄物處理與綠色能源利用的重要紐帶。

　　It is worth noting that the biogas purification system needs to be equipped with explosion-proof devices and hydrogen sulfide detection alarms, and regularly inspected and checked to prevent gas leaks and explosion risks. Currently, the development of bio natural gas in China has entered a fast lane, with a production of only 500 million cubic meters in 2023 and a technological potential of over 180 billion cubic meters by 2060, indicating huge market growth potential. Biogas purification not only realizes the resource utilization of organic waste, but also helps to achieve the "dual carbon" goal, promote the high-quality development of the clean energy industry, and become an important link between waste treatment and green energy utilization.

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